How did 30-ton dinosaurs, such as the Brachiosaurus, animals longer than four-storey buildings, have sex?
Experts have answered to this question – they made love just like dogs do.
Kristi Curry Rogers, Assistant Professor of Biology and Geology at Macalester College in Minnesota, told the Discovery Channel: “The most likely position to have intercourse is for the male behind the female, and on top of her, and from behind, any other position is unfathomable.”
Some experts have questioned this line of thinking and suggested that dinosaurs romped in water.
Dinosaurs made love just like dogs do, say experts
Biologist Stuart Landry believes that big dinosaurs would just fall over on land and would have needed water to provide support.
However, Gregory Erickson, a paleobiologist at Florida State University backs Prof. Kristi Curry Rogers.
Gregory Erickson told Discovery: “It’s going to be very touch and go. It’s an awkward thing.
“I’ve heard speculation that they did it in the water, but they’re not aquatic animals. Just because they’re large animals, doesn’t mean they can’t mate on land – after all, elephants do it.”
As some people dislike the calories in soft drinks, but loathe the taste of their zero-calorie diet equivalents, Pepsi is hoping to win back beverage consumers with a compromise, a mid-calorie soda.
The American company is rolling out Pepsi Next, a cola that has less than half the calories of a standard Pepsi at 60 calories per can.
Pepsi Next, which is slated to hit store shelves in the U.S. by the end of next month, is the company’s biggest product launch in years.
Pepsi Next comes as people increasingly move away from sugary drinks to water and other lower-calorie beverages because of health concerns.
It is also an attempt by Pepsi to revive the cola wars against Coke and others.
Pepsi Next isn’t the first drink to try to hit the sweet spot between diet and standard cola.
Dr. Pepper Snapple rolled out its low-calorie Dr. Pepper Ten, which has ten calories. The company said the drink, which has sugar unlike its diet soft drink, helped boost its fourth-quarter sales.
But coming up with a successful “mid-calorie soda”, which has more calories, has proved a challenge for beverage makers.
In 2001, Coke rolled out C2 and Pepsi in 2004 introduced its Pepsi Edge, both of which had about half the calories of a regular soft drink. Both products also were taken off the market by 2006 because of poor sales.
John Sicher, editor of Beverage Digest, said: “The problem was that consumers either wanted regular soda or a diet drink with zero calories – not something in between.”
Pepsi Next is made with a mix of three artificial sweeteners and high fructose corn syrup
Pepsi says its latest stab at an in-between soft drink uses a different formula to more closely imitate the taste of a regular soda.
Pepsi Next is made with a mix of three artificial sweeteners and high fructose corn syrup.
Melissa Tezanos, a spokesperson for Pepsi, said the company developed the cola by researching the “taste curve” that consumers experience when drinking a regular soft drink
She compared that arc to how someone might evaluate a sip of wine, from the moment the liquid hits the tongue to the after-taste it leaves.
Melissa Tezanos said: “We wanted to develop a taste curve that gives the full flavor of regular Pepsi.”
Pepsi Next also follows the company’s lower-calorie variations of its other drinks.
The sport drink Gatorade, a unit of Pepsi, has G2, which at 20 calories has a little less than half the calories of the original version. And the company’s Tropicana unit introduced Trop50, which is half of the 110 calories in a regular glass of orange juice.
But orange juice and sports drinks have nutritional benefits that a drink maker can market. A mid-calorie soft drink is a tougher sell because it provides only empty calories.
So health-conscious drinkers usually opt for a diet soft drink or quit altogether.
Sales in the $74 billon soft drink industry have been fizzling out, with volume falling steadily since 2005, according to Beverage Digest, which tracks the industry.
Meanwhile, healthier drinks are growing more popular, with bottled water accounting for 11% of all beverages consumed in 2010, up from 2% in 2000. Consumption of sports drink rose to 2.3%, from 1.2%.
Diet soft drinks also rose to 29.9% of the carbonated drink market in 2010, up from 24.7% a decade earlier.
To keep up with changing tastes, Coke and Pepsi have introduced newer versions of their diet drinks – Coke Zero and Pepsi Max – that promise a taste that’s more like their regular sodas.
Pepsi hopes Pepsi Next will help it gain back the market share it has lost in recent years.
The company’s namesake drink had its share in the carbonated soft drink market fall to 9.5% in 2010, from 13.6% a decade earlier, while Diet Pepsi’s share remained steady at 5.3%.
Coke is still the top selling brand, with 17% market share. Diet Coke follows with 9.9%.
Pepsi, based in Purchase, New York, said earlier this month that it plans to increase marketing for its brands by $500 million to $600 million this year. A centerpiece of that will be Pepsi’s first global ad campaign this summer, a peak time for the soda market.
Soda calorie counter
A standard can of soft drink contains the following calories:
A US study found that some antipsychotic medication may increase the risk of death in patients with dementia more than others.
The antipsychotics have a powerful sedative effect so are often used when dementia patients become aggressive or distressed.
A study, published on the BMJ website, argued that antipsychotics should not be used “in the absence of clear need”.
Experts said better alternatives were needed to antipsychotics.
A study in 2009, suggested 180,000 people with dementia were taking antipsychotic medication in the UK and said the drugs resulted in 1,800 additional deaths.
Researchers at Harvard Medical School followed 75,445 people in nursing homes who had dementia and were prescribed antipsychotics.
The researchers said some drugs were associated with more than twice the risk of death than risperidone, another antipsychotic which was used as a benchmark to compare the other drugs.
The study concluded: “The data suggest that the risk of mortality with these drugs is generally increased with higher doses and seems to be highest for haloperidol and least for quetiapine.”
However, the way the study was conducted meant it could not say definitively that certain drugs actually caused more deaths, merely that there was a link between the two.
The Department of Health said antipsychotic use was “resulting in as many as 1,800 unnecessary deaths per year. This is simply unacceptable.”
“That’s why reducing the level of antipsychotics prescribing for people with dementia by two-thirds is one the key priorities in the National Dementia Strategy.”
A US study found that some antipsychotic medication may increase the risk of death in patients with dementia more than others
The Dementia Action Alliance – which includes the Alzheimer’s Society, Age UK and the Department of Health – has called for all prescriptions for antipsychotics to be reviewed by the end of March 2012.
Dr. Chris Fox, who researches dementia at the University of East Anglia, said: “This study provides an interesting insight into the differential harm of these medicines.
“More work is needed on alternatives to these medicines in dementia with behavioral problems.
“In addition, there is a need to consider duration of use in more acute situations such as severe distress. Is six or 12-week use safe in people with dementia?”
Alzheimer’s Research UK’s chief executive Rebecca Wood said the risks of antipsychotics were “well-established” yet “progress has been frustratingly slow” in reducing their use.
She said the drugs “should only be used for people with dementia where there is no alternative for dealing with challenging behavior”.
Dr. Anne Corbett, research manager at Alzheimer’s Society, said: “For a minority of people with dementia antipsychotics should be used, but then only for up to 12 weeks, and under the correct circumstances. For the majority, they do far more harm than good.”
Maryland gay marriage bill has been approved in the state Senate, less than a week after it passed the state House.
The bill, which will become law when signed by Governor Martin O’Malley, who sponsored it, will make Maryland the 8th US state to permit gay marriage.
But opponents have vowed to challenge the measure by putting it on the state ballot in November’s election.
Republican New Jersey Governor Chris Christie vetoed such a bill last week.
Martin O’Malley has said he will sign the Maryland law, which passed in the Senate 25-22.
“This issue has taken a lot of energy, as well it should, and I’m very proud of the House of Delegates and also the Senate for resolving this issue on the side of human dignity, and I look forward to signing the bill,” Gov. Martin O’Malley said.
Maryland gay marriage bill has been approved in the state Senate, less than a week after it passed the state House
Although Maryland has one of the largest Democratic majorities in any state legislature, the measure encountered resistance from African-American Catholic and evangelical lawmakers.
Some religious groups have said they will push for a referendum on the issue in November, in an effort to repeal it.
“The enormous public outcry that this legislation has generated – voiced by Marylanders that span political, racial, social and religious backgrounds – demonstrates a clear need to take this issue to a vote of the people,” said Kathy Dempsey, spokeswoman for the Maryland Catholic Conference.
Meanwhile, the Human Rights Campaign, which advocated for the bill said: “Along with coalition partners, we look forward to educating and engaging voters about what this bill does. It strengthens all Maryland families and protects religious liberty.”
The organization added that they expect opponents of the measure will be able to secure the required number of signatures to get the issue onto November’s ballot.
Maryland would join Iowa, New York, Washington, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont and the District of Columbia, which have already legalized same-sex marriage.
It was reported that armed security guards have been placed at Whitney Houston’s grave to prevent grave robbers from plundering $500,000 worth of jewels and clothing the singer was buried in.
Round-the-clock guards are protecting the grave at the Fairview Cemetery in New Jersey, despite the area being closed to the general public earlier this week.
A source told the Daily Star: “There is a very genuine fear that her coffin will be targeted by grave robbers.
“It would be hard for them to actually dig her casket up, but that won’t stop psychotic fans or people who think it could make them money.
“The fact she was buried with such valuable jewellery is just an invitation to sickos.
“It’s ironic that Whitney, who was most famous for The Bodyguard movie when she was alive, has to have bodyguards even in death.”
Whitney Houston, who died on February 11 aged 48, is understood to have been buried in a gold lined casket worth upwards of $15,000, and wearing a diamond brooch and earrings.
The overwhelming number of fans paying visits to the grave following Whitney Houston’s burial on February 19 forced official to close the cemetery to the public indefinitely.
Armed security guards have been placed at Whitney Houston's grave to prevent grave robbers from plundering $500,000 worth of jewels and clothing the singer was buried in
Police Captain Cliff Auchter said that overcrowding and traffic congestion led to the decision.
“It’s a private property, and it’s up to them to make that decision,” Cliff Auchter he told reporters.
“It was done in light of the overcrowding that occurred. The cemetery is a maze of very small roads, so if two cars come face to face, you have a Mexican standoff.”
The situation is being evaluated on a daily basis, Cliff Auchter added, and those with relatives buried on the site will not be affected by the ban.
Meanwhile a source close to Whitney Houston’s family spoke of their rage at the publication of the late singer in her coffin by The National Enquirer.
“Seeing Whitney at a funeral home for the final time was a very intimate moment for her closest relatives, and that’s exactly how it should have been kept,” the Mirror quoted the source.
“For a magazine to be profiting from their grief is a disgrace.”
Whitney Houston was found dead in the bath of her Beverly Hilton hotel room in Los Angeles on February 11.
Researchers claim that eating oranges and grapefruit could cut your risk of stroke.
Both the whole fruit and breakfast juices appear to protect against having a “brain attack”, probably due to their high content of a certain type of antioxidant.
A new study looked at citrus fruit for the first time, rather than a range of fruit and vegetables which have been linked to stroke protection.
The study involved thousands of women taking part in the ongoing Nurses’ Health Study in the US, but experts believe the benefits may also apply to men.
A research team based at Norwich Medical School in the University of East Anglia in UK investigated the strength of protection from flavonoids, a class of antioxidant compounds present in fruits, vegetables, dark chocolate and red wine.
The study used 14 years of follow-up data provided by 69,622 women who reported their food intake, including details on fruit and vegetable consumption every four years.
The research team examined the relationship of the six main subclasses of flavonoids – flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonoid polymers, flavonols and flavones – with risk of ischemic, hemorrhagic and total stroke.
The researchers did not find a beneficial association between total flavonoid consumption and stroke risk, as the biological activity of the sub-classes differ.
But women who ate high amounts of flavanones in citrus had a 19% lower risk of blood clot-related (ischemic) stroke than women who consumed the least amounts.
The highest level of flavanones was around 45 mg a day compared with 20 mg a day. A glass of commercial orange juice can provide 20-50mg depending on processing and storage conditions.
In the study, reported in the medical journal Stroke, flavanones came primarily from oranges and orange juice (82%) and grapefruit and grapefruit juice (14%).
Researchers claim that eating oranges and grapefruit could cut your risk of stroke probably due to their high content of a certain type of antioxidant
However, researchers recommended that consumers wanting to increase their citrus fruit intake should eat more whole fruit rather than juice, due to the high sugar content of commercial fruit juices.
Lead researcher Aedin Cassidy, professor of nutrition, said: “Studies have shown higher fruit, vegetable and specifically vitamin C intake is associated with reduced stroke risk.
“Flavonoids are thought to provide some of that protection through several mechanisms, including improved blood vessel function and an anti-inflammatory effect.”
A previous study found that citrus fruit and juice intake, but not intake of other fruits, protected against risk of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage.
Another study found no association between yellow and orange fruits and stroke risk, but did link increased consumption of white fruits like apples and pears with lower stroke risk.
An additional study found that Swedish women who ate the highest levels of antioxidants – about 50% from fruits and vegetables – had fewer strokes than those with lower antioxidant levels.
More studies are needed to confirm the association between flavanone consumption and stroke risk, and to gain a better understanding about why the association occurs, said Prof. Aedin Cassidy.
Dr. Sharlin Ahmed, Research Liaison Officer at The Stroke Association said: “We all know that eating plenty of fresh fruit and veg is good for our health. This study suggests that eating citrus fruits in particular, such as oranges and grapefruits, which are high in vitamin C could help to lower your stroke risk.
“However, this should not deter people from eating other types of fruit and vegetables as they all have health benefits and remain an important part of a staple diet.
“More research is needed in this area to help us understand the possible reasons why citrus fruits could help to keep your stroke risk down.
“Everyone can reduce their risk of stroke by eating a healthy balanced diet that is low in saturated fat and salt, exercising regularly and ensuring that your blood pressure is checked and kept under control.”
Ray J’s relationship with reality star Kim Kardashian was thrust into the spotlight when their sex tape was leaked back in 2007, catapulting her to fame.
Ray J’s romance with Kim Kardashian is again making headlines, with the R&B singer alleging that the reality star may have cheated on her first husband Damon Thomas with him.
According to The New York Post, Ray J, 31, refers to a woman he dated for two years as “KK” in his new book “Death Of The Cheating Man: What Every Woman Must Know About Men Who Stray”.
In addition to the matching initials, the time frame given for this relationship with Kim Kardashian is also the same.
Kim Kardashian, 31, who was spotted out looking at locations for a new DASH clothing store in West Hollywood earlier this week, was married to music producer Damon Thomas from 2000 to 2004.
The reality star is said to have made the sex tape with Ray J back in 2003 before it was leaked in 2007.
Life & Style say that Ray J claims: “KK pursued and slept with him while she was still married to her first husband”.
“To be honest, the whole thing started off wrong,” wrote Ray J, who was last romantically linked to Whitney Houston before her death.
“We’d known each other for a while before we dated and there was a mutual attraction, but she was married.
“She let me know she wanted to get with me. She left her husband for me as soon as we started having sex and things between us got intense really fast. After that, I felt obligated to be with her.”
Kim Kardashian, currently in the midst of a divorce from second husband Kris Humphries, has previously denied cheating on Damon Thomas.
Ray J also goes onto reveal details about the intimate side of their relationship.
“We were like animals; sexually free to try anything, and we did,” Ray J writes in the book.
“For years KK and I had a great sex life. There was more to our relationship, but the majority of it was about our wild and extreme sexual chemistry.
“She was a straight freak who was down to do whatever, whenever and that seriously hypnotized me.”
Ray J refers to a woman he dated for two years as “KK” in his new book “Death Of The Cheating Man. What Every Woman Must Know About Men Who Stray”
Ray J also documents Kim Kardashian’s attentiveness towards him, describing how she would greet him with hot towels and toothpaste on his toothbrush in the morning.
However, Ray J, who alleges that they both cheated on the other during the course of their relationship, claims that Kim Kardashian ended up being a little too attentive towards him, wanting to know his whereabouts “at all times”.
Ray J adds: “She literally thought I was cheating with every girl I ran across.”
Kim Kardashian has yet to comment on her ex boyfriend’s allegations, but a source told Life & Style that she is “furious about Ray J cashing in on her”.
The insider added: “There’s so much that has gone wrong for her this year – he’s just another person trying to humiliate her.”
The story of blue family began when French orphan Martin Fugate settled on the banks of Troublesome Creek in 19th century and married a red-haired woman named Elizabeth Smith
Ben Stacy came from an isolated family in Kentucky whose members were born with a rare condition that discolored the skin, as a result of a coincidental meeting of recessive genes, intermarriage and inbreeding in the 1800’s.
Ben Stacy was born in 1975 and although the color soon diminished from him, his lips and fingernails still went blue when he became cold or angry as a child.
The story began when French orphan Martin Fugate settled on the banks of Troublesome Creek to claim a land grant in the early 19th century and married a red-haired woman named Elizabeth Smith.
Elizabeth Smith had a very pale complexion – and their union brought on the “methaemoglobinaemia” genetic mutation, also known as met-H, which reduces an individual’s ability to carry oxygenated blood.
Minnesota-based blood expert Dr. Ayalew Tefferi said the whole story is “fascinating” and shows how society and disease can intersect – as well as the “danger of misinformation and stigmatization.”
“If I carry a bad recessive gene with a rare abnormality and married, the child probably wouldn’t be sick, because it’s very rare to meet another person with the (same) bad gene,” he told ABC News.
Ben Stacy came from an isolated family in Kentucky whose members were born with a rare condition that discolored the skin
Ben Stacy was born and taken to the University of Kentucky Medical Center, where doctors were amazed by his blue skin and quickly prepared a blood transfusion before his grandmother butted in.
The man explained that he looked like his ancestors in Troublesome Creek and his great-grandmother Luna, who died aged 84, was once called “the bluest woman I ever saw”, reported ABC News.
Ben Stacy, 37, works as a water plant supervisor for the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. He gained a wildlife management degree from Eastern Kentucky University.
The Fugate family tree shows Martin and Elizabeth had a blue boy called Zachariah who married his mother’s sister. Their son named Levy married into a nearby family and they had eight children.
One of these children was Luna, who married John Stacy and had 13 children. Ben Stacy comes from this family line, reported ABC News. His mother Hilda Stacy, 56, lives in Hazard, Kentucky.
There are other relatives in the Stacy line still alive in Virginia and Arkansas. Ben Stacy has a wife named Katherine Stacy in Alaska and they appear to have four children.
As eastern Kentucky has become vastly more populated than the early 19th century, and as more genes are married into the Fugate family tree, there were far fewer children born with the condition.
The blue people in Kentucky began to disappear in the early 20th century as families moved apart and the disease therefore became less common as inbreeding reduced, reported ABC News.
Looking at the old family portrait, they appear to have been either Photoshopped or made up to mimic characters from children’s cartoon the Smurfs, but science proves that the condition is real.
The family was first discovered in 1958 when Luke Combs, who was a descendant of another branch of the Fugates, took his white wife to a hospital and doctors ended up paying more attention to him.
“Luke was just as blue as Lake Louise on a cool summer day,” Dr. Charles H. Behlen II said in 1974. Fortunately for the sufferers, there are no serious problems associated with the disease.
Starting with March 1 Google controversially changes its privacy policy to allow it to gather, store and use personal information about its users.
There is one way to stymie Google’s attempts to build a permanent profile of you that could include personal information including age, gender, locality and even sexuality.
From March 1, you won’t be able to opt out of the new policy, which has been criticized by privacy campaigners who have filed a complaint to U.S. regulators.
Before that date you can delete your browsing history and, which will limit the extent to which Google records your every move – including your embarrasing secrets. Learn how:
1. Go to the Google homepage and sign into your account. Use the dropdown menu under your name in the upper right-hand corner to access your settings. Click on “account settings”.
2. Next, find the section called “Services” and you’ll see a link to “View, enable, or disable web history”, shown in the red box below. Click on it.
3. Finally, you can remove all of your search details by clicking on “Remove Web History”, shown in the red box below. Once you have done this your history will remain disabled until you turn it back on.
Starting with March 1 Google controversially changes its privacy policy to allow it to gather, store and use personal information about its users
Although disabling web history will not prevent Google from gathering and storing this information and using it for internal purposes, but it mean the Web giant will anonymize the data in 18 months.
It will also prevent it from certain kinds of uses, including sending you customized search results.
If you don’t sign in, Google will track your searches via the computer’s IP address. The only way to clear your personal history is by signing in.
While it is not known exactly how Google would use your combined information, the policy has been widely criticized.
The Center for Digital Democracy has filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
It has asked the FTC to sue Google to stop the policy change and to fine the company.
If successful, the FTC can impose fines up to $16,000 per day for each violation.
Privacy problems are particularly pertinent to those who share a Google account with other members of their family.
For example if one person searches for pictures of scantily clad women, the next family member to use the internet may find themselves being recommended a bikini contest on YouTube.
Cecilia Kang, of the Washington Post, described collation of vast tracts of information as a “massive cauldron of data”.
“Privacy advocates say Google’s changes betray users who are not accustomed to having their information shared across different Web sites,” Cecilia Kang said.
“A user of Gmail, for instance, may send messages about a private meeting with a colleague and may not want the location of that meeting to be thrown into Google’s massive cauldron of data or used for Google’s maps application.”
Technology site Gizmodo said that the change was the end of Google’s “don’t be evil motto”.
The site’s Mat Honan wrote: “It means that things you could do in relative anonymity today, will be explicitly associated with your name, your face, your phone number.
“If you use Google’s services, you have to agree to this new privacy policy. It is an explicit reversal of its previous policies.”
Larry Dignan, meanwhile, writing on ZDnet.com, described the new policy as “Big Brother-ish”.
A collection of early comic books has been sold for $3.5 million at auction in New York.
The trove of 345 comics had been bought by the late Billy Wright from Virginia when he was a boy.
A copy of Detective Comics No. 27, which was sold for 10 cents in 1939 and featured Batman’s debut, got the top bid on Wednesday – raising $523,000.
The “jaw-dropping” collection was found last year when a relative of Billy Wright was clearing a basement in his house.
Batman first appearance was in Detective Comics in May 1939
“This really has its place in the history of great comic book collections,” said Lon Allen, managing director of comics for Heritage Auctions, which was overseeing the sale.
Lon Allen described the trove as “jaw-dropping”, adding that Billy Wright seemed to have a knack of buying the right comics at the right time.
Another book – Action Comics No. 1 from 1938 featuring the first appearance of Superman – fetched $299,000.
This remarkable collection might never have seen the light of day, as Billy Wright never mentioned it to his family when he was alive.
The neatly stacked comics – all in good condition – lay untouched in his home in Martinsville for 17 years.
Experts say the comic books collection is all the more valuable and significant because the books were kept by a man who bought them as a boy.
John Nicholson’s book “The Meat Fix. How a lifetime of healthy eating nearly killed me!”presents author’ story of how eating meat again, after twenty-six vegetarian years, changed his life powerfully for the better, and of his quest to understand why the supposedly healthy diet he had existed on was actually damaging him.
The reformed vegan John Nicholson has gorged on all the foods his granny enjoyed… and has never felt better.
“As the kitchen filled with the smell of caramelized meat, my mouth watered in anticipation of the coming feast: a thick cut of tender steak, fried in butter and olive oil.
This was not a regular treat. In fact, for the previous 26 years I’d been a vegan, eschewing not just meat but all animal products.
My diet was an extreme version of the NHS Eat Well regime, which recommends lots of starchy foods and smaller quantities of saturated fats, cholesterol, sugar and red meat.
According to government advice, I was doing everything right – and yet my health had never been worse. My weight had crept up over the years, until in 2008 I was 14½ stone – which is a lot of blubber for someone who is 5ft 10in – and was classified as clinically obese.
I waddled around, sweating and short of breath, battling extremely high cholesterol and suffering from chronic indigestion. I was always tired and needed to take naps every afternoon. I had constant headaches and swallowed paracetamol and sucked Rennies like they were sweets.
Worst of all, I had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which left me feeling as if I had lead weights in my gut. My belly was bloated and distended after every meal. I was, to use a technical term, knackered.”
John Nicholson’s book presents the story of how eating meat again, after twenty-six vegetarian years, changed his life powerfully for the better
“But that was about to change. In 2010, I decided to give up my supposedly healthy lifestyle and embrace good old-fashioned meat.
From that day on, I ate red meat four or five days a week. I gobbled the fat on chops, chicken skin and pork crackling. I feasted on everything we’re told to avoid. The effects were instant.
Twenty-four hours after eating meat again, all my IBS symptoms had gone. As the weeks and months passed, every aspect of my health improved dramatically. I became leaner, shedding body fat and becoming stronger and fitter. My headaches went away, never to return. Even my libido increased.
It felt like being young again, like coming back to life. But though I felt energized, I was also furious.
Furious with myself for sticking to the “healthy” eating advice, which was actually far from a sensible diet. But also furious with the so-called experts who have been peddling this low-fat, high-carbohydrate claptrap for so long that no one thinks to question it.
My maternal grandmother would certainly have challenged it. Like my grandfather, she was born into a poor family in East Yorkshire at the turn of the century and their eating regime was simple: meat and at least two vegetables at every meal, lots of butter and full-cream milk (they would have scorned yogurt as little more than “off” milk), bread, potatoes, cake and puddings.
Nothing would have swayed them from that lifestyle. Had a low-fat diet been suggested by a doctor, Gran would have told him to his face that it was all rubbish and that you needed fat to “keep the cold out”.
If she could have seen people buying skimmed milk today, she would have thought they had lost their minds. Getting rid of the best bit of milk? Lunacy.
Late in her life, I recall her scorning the advice on limiting the consumption of eggs because of concerns about cholesterol. On one occasion, she watched in astonishment as a celebrity TV chef made an egg-white omelette. “He’s a bloody fool, that man,” she said.
She was right to be skeptical, it turns out. For years the authorities told us cholesterol-rich foods would kill us – but we’ve since learned that is utter drivel.”
John Nicholson was fat and ill as a vegan
“While Ancel Keys, the scientist whose research in the Fifties first raised concerns about cholesterol levels, suggested that heart disease was linked to large amounts of cholesterol in the blood, he never claimed those levels were linked to the amount of cholesterol we eat.
“There’s no connection whatsoever between cholesterol in food and cholesterol in blood,” he said in a magazine article in 1997. “And we’ve known that all along.”
Since then, the NHS’s paranoia about cholesterol in food has been replaced by concerns about saturated fat – found in everything from butter, cheese and cream to pies, cakes and biscuits.
They suggest saturated fat increases the risk of heart disease. But this is open to debate.
France has the lowest rate of death from coronary heart disease in Europe, yet the country has the highest consumption of saturated fats.
Gran survived into her 80’s and Grandad into his 70’s, despite laboring down the pit his whole working life. Did they achieve this by gobbling low-fat spreads, soya oil or skimmed milk? No, they lived on old-fashioned foods such as butter, lard and beef fat. Indeed, a growing body of opinion suggests that the factory-made products that have replaced these staples – vegetable oils, polyunsaturated margarine and spreads – are the real cause of the degenerative diseases that are so common today.”
John Nicholson is leaner and healthier after he changed his diet as a meat eater
“Findings by the Weston A. Price Foundation, a non-profit-making research organization in America, show most cases of heart attack in the 20th century were of a hitherto little-known form known as myocardial infarction (MI) – a huge blood clot leading to the obstruction of a coronary artery.
MI was almost non-existent in the U.S. in 1910 and was causing no more than 3,000 deaths a year by 1930. However, by 1960, there were at least 500,000 MI deaths a year across the country.
It surely can’t be a coincidence that this happened as the U.S. embraced a new diet based on increasingly large portions of highly processed foods and vegetable oils?
Similar changes in the national diet took place in Britain during the early years of my life and I can’t help wondering whether my father might still be alive today if it had not been for this shift.
I grew up in the North-East during the Sixties and had no idea about “healthy eating”. Those few people who did fret about their diet were thought of as fussy.
No one thought food was a problem, unless the chip shop ran out of battered sausage on a Friday. We ate suet puddings every week, our bacon and eggs were fried in lard, milk was full-fat – I’m not sure skimmed milk even existed in the Sixties – and we ate eggs every day.
Then, in the Seventies, things changed. We got wealthier and food became cheaper. Mam began buying more cakes and confectionery instead of home-baking. We ate more shop-bought food in general.
She also stopped using lard in the chip pan, opting for Spry Crisp ’n Dry instead. Gran wasn’t pleased. She thought vegetable oil was a new-fangled fad – it was, and that was precisely why Mam liked it. She saw it as moving on, modern and fashionable.
Dad never did any exercise and drove everywhere in his newly acquired company car.
More processed food, margarine, sugar and vegetable oil, combined with days spent behind a desk and a wheel, saw him gain a sizeable belly and the apple shape so common today. In 1987, he died of a massive heart attack, aged just 65.
His diet in his later years was not one that would have appealed to Gran. She was vehemently against margarine.
“I’m not eating anything made in a factory,” she’d say. “You don’t know what they put in it.”
It was a fear shared by many of her era. Had I heeded such warnings, I would have avoided my battle with processed food, in the form of soya, the bean whose industrially produced extracts are marketed as a low-fat and exceptionally healthy source of protein.
Today, soya is everywhere. About two-thirds of all processed food in the U.S. contains some form of it. That percentage will not be much different here – you’d be amazed at how often you eat ‘hidden’ soya.
When my partner, Dawn, and I decided to become vegan during the Eighties, it was still rare in Britain. This lifestyle shift came about shortly after we’d left Newcastle Polytechnic and moved to live self-sufficiently in a rented cottage in northern Scotland.
When one of our chickens became ill, we found it terribly difficult to put it out of its misery and began to doubt whether killing – or eating – animals was for us.
We didn’t see why someone else should have to do our dirty work for us, so in January 1984 we ate our last bacon sandwiches and embarked on our dramatic lifestyle change.
At about this time, governments in the U.S. and Europe were recommending that people cut down on eating animal fats, cholesterol and red meat in favor of more starchy foods, fruit and vegetables and wholegrains.
This new healthy eating advice had much in common with the vegetarian diet. We felt we were following a golden path, especially when we discovered the apparent wonders of soya.
Only later did we discover that research by the Weston A. Price Foundation had suggested that processed soya foods are rich in chemicals called trypsin inhibitors, which disrupt protein digestion. I believe it was these that created all my problems with IBS.
Soya has also been associated with hypothyroidism, or an under-active thyroid, a condition whose symptoms include unexplained weight gain, lack of energy and depression – all problems that Dawn began to experience. These problems were exacerbated by other health problems caused by our diet.
As voracious consumers of nuts, pulses and wholegrains, our diet was very high in copper and, because of the lack of animal protein, low in zinc. Some researchers have linked this imbalance to constant feelings of fatigue, something with which Dawn and I were all too familiar.
For years, we gave the NHS every chance to find out what was wrong with us and get us well. But doctors didn’t and couldn’t – perhaps because they wouldn’t even consider that our apparently healthy diet might be the problem.
Finally, in desperation, Dawn suggested we should try eating meat again. At the same time, we cut out all vegetable oils, except olive oil, and ate lots of lard, beef dripping, butter, cream and full-fat milk.
We have also cut out starchy carbohydrates such as bread, which contains a component of starch that causes blood sugar levels to peak and trough, leading to a cycle of hunger and over-eating.
Admittedly, the absence of bread is one aspect of our new diet that might have caused Gran to ask if I had gone “soft in the head”. In her day, they needed lots of carbohydrates to fuel their physically demanding lives, but we are far more sedentary.
But I’m sure she would have approved of everything else about our new diet because her generation knew how to eat properly. That’s a skill we have forgotten, brain-washed as we are by government and medical propaganda.
It’s time we reminded ourselves of it, questioning the one-size-fits-all, “healthy” eating advice we’re spoon-fed and opting instead for wholesome, unprocessed, home-made food.”
Seven US Marines have died after two helicopters collided in Arizona, officials say.
The mid-air accident happened near the city of Yuma during a training exercise, the US Marines said.
The accident happened on Wednesday night, and an investigation is under way into how it happened.
The marines, flying in Cobra and Huey helicopters, were part of the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, based at Miramar in Southern California.
They collided in a remote portion of the Yuma Training Range Complex, the Marine Corps said.
Seven US Marines have died after two helicopters collided in Arizona
Identities of the marines will be withheld for at least 24 hours until their families have been notified.
A marine spokeswoman told CNN that helicopter teams use the area to because it mimics conditions in Afghanistan.
Any investigation into the cause of the collision could take months, she added.
During a September training exercise near Camp Pendleton, California, a helicopter went down – killing the two marines on-board and setting off a brush fire.
US researchers have identified how the time of day can increase the risk of dying from an irregular heartbeat.
According to a study published in the journal Nature, the risk of “sudden cardiac death” peaks in the morning and rises again in the evening.
The study suggests that levels of a protein which controls the heart’s rhythm fluctuates through the day.
A body clock expert said the study was “beautiful”.
The inner workings of the body go through a daily routine known as a circadian rhythm, which keeps the body in sync with its surroundings. Jet lag is the result of the body getting out of sync.
As the chemistry of the body changes throughout the day, this can impact on health. The researchers say they have identified, in mice, how the time can affect the risk of sudden cardiac death.
They identified a protein called kruppel-like factor 15 (Klf15), which was controlled by the body clock and whose levels in the body went up and down during the day. The protein influences ion channels which control heart beat.
Genetically modified mice which produced too much Klf15 and those which produced none at all both had an increased risk of developing deadly disturbances in cardiac rhythm.
Prof. Darwin Jeyaraj, from the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, said: “Our study identifies a hitherto unknown mechanism for electrical instability in the heart.
“It provides insights into day and night variation in arrhythmia susceptibility that has been known for many years.”
There are important differences in the way that human and mouse hearts work, so it is unknown whether the same mechanism exists in people.
Fellow researcher Prof. Mukesh Jain said: “We are just scratching the surface. It might be that, with further study, assessment of circadian disruption in patients with cardiovascular disease might lead us to innovative approaches to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.”
A new NASA-funded university study based on satellite data has found that Earth’s clouds got a little lower by around 1% cent a year on average during the first decade of this century.
The results have potential implications for future global climate.
Scientists at the University of Auckland in New Zealand analyzed the first 10 years of global cloud-top height measurements (from March 2000 to February 2010) from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft.
The study, published recently in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, revealed an overall trend of decreasing cloud height. Global average cloud height declined by around 1% over the decade, or by around 100 to 130 feet.
Most of the reduction was due to fewer clouds occurring at very high altitudes.
Earth's clouds got a little lower by around one percent cent a year on average during the first decade of this century
Lead researcher Roger Davies said that while the record is too short to be definitive, it provides a hint that something quite important might be going on. Longer-term monitoring will be required to determine the significance of the observation for global temperatures.
A consistent reduction in cloud height would allow Earth to cool more efficiently, reducing the surface temperature of the planet and potentially slowing the effects of global warming.
This may represent a “negative feedback” mechanism – a change caused by global warming that works to counteract it.
“We don’t know exactly what causes the cloud heights to lower,” says Roger Davies.
“But it must be due to a change in the circulation patterns that give rise to cloud formation at high altitude.”
NASA’s Terra spacecraft is scheduled to continue gathering data through the remainder of this decade. Scientists will continue to monitor the MISR data closely to see if this trend continues.
Faster-than-light neutrinos experiment that might have been the biggest physics story of the past century may instead be down to a faulty connection.
In September 2011, the OPERA experiment reported it had seen particles called neutrinos evidently travelling faster than the speed of light.
The team has now found two problems that may have affected their test in opposing ways: one in its timing gear and one in an optical fibre connection.
More tests from May will determine just how they affect measured speeds.
The OPERA collaboration (an acronym for Oscillation Project with Emulsion-Racking Apparatus) was initially started to study the tiny particles as they travelled through 730km of rock between a particle accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland and the Gran Sasso underground laboratory in Italy.
Its goal was to quantify how often the neutrinos change from one type to another on the journey.
But during the course of the experiments the team found that the neutrinos showed up 60 billionths of a second faster than light would have done over the same distance – a result that runs counter to a century’s worth of theoretical and experimental physics.
The team submitted the surprising result to the scientific community in an effort to confirm or refute it, and several other experiments around the world are currently working to replicate the result.
Faster-than-light neutrinos experiment that might have been the biggest physics story of the past century may instead be down to a faulty connection
A repeat of the experiment by the OPERA team will now address whether the issues they have found affect the ultimate neutrino speed they measure.
The two problems the team has identified would have opposing effects on the apparent speed.
On the one hand, the team said there is a problem in the “oscillator” that provides a ticking clock to the experiment in the intervals between the synchronizations of GPS equipment.
This is used to provide start and stop times for the measurement as well as precise distance information.
That problem would increase the measured time of the neutrinos’ flight, in turn reducing the surprising faster-than-light effect.
But the team also said they found a problem in the optical fibre connection between the GPS signal and the experiment’s main clock.
In contrast, the team said that effect would increase the neutrinos’ apparent speed.
Only repeats of the experiments by OPERA and other teams will put the matter to rest.
“These latest developments show how hard the OPERA team is working to understand the results,” said Dave Wark, a particle physicist from the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK and committee member of Japan’s principal neutrino facility T2K.
“Just as it would have been unwise to jump to the conclusion that the initial results were the result of an anomaly, it would be unwise to make any assumptions now. It is the nature of science that theories have to be tested, re-tested and then tested again”.
In a statement, the OPERA collaboration said: “While continuing our investigations, in order to unambiguously quantify the effect on the observed result, the collaboration is looking forward to performing a new measurement of the neutrino velocity as soon as a new bunched beam will be available in 2012.”
Meanwhile, the Borexino and Icarus experiments, also at Gran Sasso, the Minos experiment based at the US Fermilab, and Japan’s T2K facility are all working on their own neutrino speed measurements, with results expected in the next few months.
Famous actress Raquel Welch is still time-haltingly beautiful forty-six years after she emerged from the sea in mankind’s first bikini.
Raquel Welch, 71, attended the Vanity Fair Montblanc party on Tuesday night in L.A, wearing a gold metallic dress that showed off her iconic curves.
Hailed by Playboy as The Most Desired Woman of the ’70s, Raquel Welch became a sex symbol after she emerged from the sea in a furry bikini as Loana in the 1966 film Hammer film One Million Years B.C.
Raquel Welch went on to star as lust in Bedazzled with Peter Cook and Dudley Moore.
Raquel Welch is still time-haltingly beautiful forty-six years after she emerged from the sea in mankind's first bikini
The actress also took part in the first interracial sex scene – with Jim Brown in the 1969 film 100 Rifles – and stared as a transsexual heroine in Myra Breckenridge.
In 1974, Raquel Welch won a Golden Globe for her role in The Three Musketeers.
Raquel Welch became a sex symbol after she emerged from the sea in a furry bikini as Loana in the 1966 film Hammer film One Million Years B.C.
Ten years later in 1984, Raquel Welch’ star hadn’t dimmed but she became more of a style icon as she published her Total Beauty and Fitness Program.
In 2007, MAC Cosmetics made Raquel Welch’s the face of its Beauty Icon series and, since June 2010, she has appeared in TV ads for Foster Grant sunglasses.
“I have pictures of me at 23 or 24, and I think: <<Oh my God, I was really once that size!>>”, said Raquel Welch said in 2008.
“But actually I think my face looks better now.”
Raquel Welch has claimed she is happy to age with grace.
She once joked: “Every time I have a birthday, every disc jockey in Hollywood starts yahooing it all over the place.
“But if you can’t have fun as an ageing sex symbol when you hit 60, I don’t know what will become of you.”
Raquel Welch has been married four times and has a son, Damon, 51, and daughter, Tahnee, 49.
Raquel Welch has said: “I am playing grandmothers in movies now. I’d like to be one for real, but my kids are not co-operating with me.”
At least 48 people died and dozens have been injured in a wave of bombings and shootings across Iraq, police say.
The attacks targeted predominantly Shia areas, in particular police officers and checkpoints.
In Baghdad, nine people died in two successive blasts in the central Karrada district. Outside the capital, at least two were killed in Baquba.
No group has yet said it was behind the violence. Attacks in Iraq have risen since US troops withdrew in December.
Tolls from other attacks around Baghdad include:
• six dead after a car bomb in Shia-dominated Kadhimiya, norht of Baghdad
• six killed by gunmen at a police checkpoint in the Sarafiya district of the capital
• two dead and five injured in an explosion in the western al-Mansour district
• two killed and 10 injured in two explosions in Dorat Abo Sheer, southern Baghdad
• two killed and nine wounded in an attack by gunmen using weapons with silencers, targeting a police patrol in Saidiya, southern Baghdad
• seven injured, most of them policemen, in a blast in al-Madaen, south of Baghdad
• five civilians injured in a bomb explosion in Taji, north of Baghdad
There are also reports of bombings in the provinces of Salahuddin and Kirkuk.
The capital of Salahuddin province is Tikrit, the home town of former leader Saddam Hussein, who was executed in 2006.
There are fears the death toll from Thursday’s violence could rise.
Last week, at least 18 people were killed in a suicide attack near the Iraqi police academy in the capital.
Shia targets have come under increasing attack since the government of Shia Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki moved against senior members of the predominantly Sunni Iraqiya political bloc.
The day after US troops withdrew a warrant was issued for the arrest of Vice-President Tariq al-Hashemi, who is accused of financing death squads.
Tariq al- Hashemi, who denies the charges, is currently in Iraqi Kurdistan, under the protection of the regional government.
Al-Qaeda in Iraq said it carried out previous waves of attacks in December and January.
However, a senior government official said the upsurge in violence since the withdrawal of US troops was politically motivated. The official blamed Tariq al- Hashemi for planning and co-ordinating the attacks.
Male Y chromosome may not become extinct after all, according to a new study.
Previous research has suggested the Y sex chromosome, which only men carry, is decaying genetically so fast that it will be extinct in five million years’ time.
A gene within the chromosome is the switch which leads to testes development and the secretion of male hormones.
But a new US study in Nature suggests the genetic decay has all but ended.
Professor Jennifer Graves of Australian National University has previously suggested the Y chromosome may become extinct in as little as five million years’ time, based on the rate at which genes are disappearing from the chromosome.
Genetics professor Brian Sykes predicted the demise of the Y chromosome, and of men, in as little as 100,000 years in his 2003 book “Adam’s Curse: A Future without Men.”
The predictions were based on comparisons between the human X and Y sex chromosomes. While these chromosomes were once thought to be identical far back in the early history of mammals, the Y chromosome now has about 78 genes, compared with about 800 in the X chromosome.
Jennifer Hughes and colleagues at the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, have sought to determine whether rumors of the Y chromosome’s demise have been exaggerated.
In a previous Nature paper in 2005, they compared the human Y chromosome with that of the chimpanzee, whose lineage diverged from that of humans about six million years ago.
They have now sequenced the Y chromosome of the rhesus monkey, which is separated from humans by 25 million years of evolution.
Previous research has suggested the Y sex chromosome, which only men carry, is decaying genetically so fast that it will be extinct in five million years' time
The conclusion from these comparative studies is that genetic decay has in recent history been minimal, with the human chromosome having lost no further genes in the last six million years, and only one in the last 25 million years.
“The Y is not going anywhere and gene loss has probably come to a halt,” said Jennifer Hughes.
“We can’t rule out the possibility it could happen another time, but the genes which are left on the Y are here to stay.
“They apparently serve some critical function which we don’t know much about yet, but the genes are being preserved pretty well by natural selection.”
Most human cells contain 23 sets of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes. In women, this sex pair consists of two X chromosomes, while men have one X and one Y chromosome. It is a gene within the Y chromosome which triggers the development in the embryo of male testes and the secretion of male hormones.
Genetic deterioration of the Y chromosome has occurred because unlike with the two X chromosomes in women, there is very little swapping of genetic material between the Y and X chromosome during reproduction. This means mutations and deletions in the Y chromosome are preserved between (male) generations.
“The X is fine because in females it gets to recombine with the other X but the Y never gets to recombine over almost its entire length, and shutting down that recombination has left the Y vulnerable to all these degenerative forces,” said Dr. Jennifer Hughes, “which is why we’re left with the Y we have today.”
Commenting on the paper, Professor Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading and author of “Wired for Culture: Origins of the Human Social Mind”, said that while there might be some squabbling in academic circles over the timings of the events, the paper told us there was a future for males in the very long term.
“It’s a very nice piece of work, showing that gene loss in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome proceeds rapidly at first – exponentially in fact – but then reaches a point at which purifying selection brings this process to a halt.”
Reality star Kourtney Kardashian has confirmed she is expecting a baby girl.
Kourtney Kardashian, 32, who already has a two-year-old son Mason, says she and boyfriend Scott Disick, 28, feel blessed.
She told E! News: “We feel so blessed to be having a little girl and to be able to share this new experience with Mason.”
Kourtney Kardashian’ second child is due in the late spring. The couple announced the pregnancy back in November.
Earlier this month it was rumored that Kourtney Kardashian’s unborn child was a girl.
“Kourtney was hoping for a girl,” an insider told America’s Life & Style at the time.
“She loves having a boy but thinks having a girl would be perfect so she can dress her up and show her the ropes in life.”
Kourtney Kardashian, who already has a two-year-old son Mason, says she and boyfriend Scott Disick feel blessed to have a baby girl
Scott Disick previously told Life & Style magazine: “A girl would be a fantastic addition to our family.”
Kourtney Kardashian and Scott Disick are also the parents of two-year-old son Mason Dash, who was born in December 2009.
Upon announcing her second pregnancy, Kourtney Kardashian told People magazine: “This baby was unexpected, but it’s 100 per cent a blessing.”
Meanwhile, the reality star’s happy news has been slightly dampened by a cold which has infected the entire Kardashian clan.
Kourtney Kardashian has blamed Scott Disick for “passing around” the illness, with few members of the close-knit unit managing to avoid it.
The reality star wrote on twitter page: “Who is passing around sick germs in the fam like it ain’t no thang? @KhloeKardashian & I are sick & now @KylieJenner. @ScottDisick is the ONE!(sic)”
Kourtney Kardashian added she was glad to have a film to watch while she rested and battled the symptoms.
She tweeted: “OMG I’m on day 3. It’s horrible. At least Boogie Nights is on. (sic)”
Half-sister Kylie Jenner also tweeted: “Don’t feel good. One gets sick. We all get sick (sic)”
There were numerous reports this week saying that Aretha Franklin was “banned” from Whitney Houston’s funeral on Saturday.
New York Daily News reported that Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston’s godmother, “angered” the late singer’s mother, Cissy Houston, with her comments during an interview on the Today Show.
“Parents have to really talk to their children before they leave home,” Aretha Franklin told Al Roker.
“They have to make sure when they leave home, they have all the right things. She left home with all the right things, but she just kind of lost her way along the way.”
The Daily News story also suggests it was this “veiled criticism” of Whitney Houston’s upbringing – and not Aretha Franklin’s medical excuse – that led her to miss the legendary singer’s service.
Meanwhile, HollywoodLife seized on the possible controversy, writing that Aretha Franklin’s “drug comments” might have caused her to be “banned” from the funeral by Cissy Houston.
There were numerous reports this week saying that Aretha Franklin was “banned” from Whitney Houston’s funeral on Saturday
The website uses the fact that Aretha Franklin played a sold-out concert in New York on Saturday night as evidence that there could be something to the “ban” explanation.
But Aretha Franklin said in her statement regarding her absence from the funeral that she wanted to “stay off [her] leg” as much as possible until her concert that night.
And it warrants mention that during the funeral, Dionne Warwick called for Aretha Franklin – still on the scheduled speakers list – to address mourners, before being alerted that the singer was not in attendance.
If there was any animosity between the Houston family and Aretha Franklin, it was awfully well hidden.
HollywoodLife also leaves out Aretha Franklin’s rep’s comments to the Daily News in which she reiterates that the singer was essentially incapacitated between concert performances over the weekend.
Scientists have been saying for 20 years that the eight-hour sleep may be unnatural, and now more and more historians are backing them up.
In the early 1990’s, psychiatrist Thomas Wehr conducted an experiment in which a group of people were plunged into darkness for 14 hours every day for a month.
It took some time for their sleep to regulate but by the fourth week the subjects settled into a very distinct sleeping pattern. They slept first for four hours, then woke for one or two hours before falling into a second four-hour sleep.
Though sleep scientists were impressed by the study, among the general public the idea that we must sleep for eight consecutive hours persists.
More recently, the theory that humans slept in two distinct chunks has resurfaced, but in the rather less likely field of history.
Over the course of 20 years, historian Roger Ekirch undertook an intensive study into the human relationship with night for his book “At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past”.
In diaries, court records, medical books and literature – from Homer’s Odyssey to the anthropological account of modern tribes in Nigeria – Roger Ekirch has found more than 500 references to a segmented sleeping pattern.
Roger Ekirch believes this painting from 1595 is evidence of significant activity at night
Much like the experience of Thomas Wehr’s subjects, these references describe a first sleep which began about two hours after dusk, followed by waking period of one or two hours and then a second sleep.
“It’s not just the number of references – it is the way they refer to it, as if it was common knowledge,” Roger Ekirch says.
During this waking period people were quite active. They often got up, went to the toilet or smoked tobacco and some even visited neighbors. Most people stayed in bed, read, wrote and often prayed. Countless prayer manuals from the late 15th Century offered special prayers for the hours in between sleeps.
And these hours weren’t entirely solitary – people often chatted to bed-fellows or had sex.
A doctor’s manual from 16th Century France even advised couples that the best time to conceive was not at the end of a long day’s labor but “after the first sleep”, when “they have more enjoyment” and “do it better”.
Scientists have been saying for 20 years that the eight-hour sleep may be unnatural, and now more and more historians are backing them up
Roger Ekirch found that references to the first and second sleep started to disappear during the late 17th Century. This started among the urban upper classes in northern Europe and over the course of the next 200 years filtered down to the rest of Western society.
By the 1920’s the idea of a first and second sleep had receded entirely from our social consciousness.
Roger Ekirch attributes the initial shift to improvements in street lighting, domestic lighting and a surge in coffee houses – which were sometimes open all night. As the night became a place for legitimate activity and as that activity increased, the length of time people could dedicate to rest dwindled.
In his new book, “Evening’s Empire”, historian Craig Koslofsky puts forward an account of how this happened.
“Associations with night before the 17th Century were not good,” Craig Koslofsky says. The night was a place populated by people of disrepute – criminals, prostitutes and drunks.
“Even the wealthy, who could afford candlelight, had better things to spend their money on. There was no prestige or social value associated with staying up all night.”
That changed in the wake of the Reformation and the counter-Reformation. Protestants and Catholics became accustomed to holding secret services at night, during periods of persecution. If earlier the night had belonged to reprobates, now respectable people became accustomed to exploiting the hours of darkness.
This trend migrated to the social sphere too, but only for those who could afford to live by candlelight. With the advent of street lighting, however, socializing at night began to filter down through the classes.
In 1667, Paris became the first city in the world to light its streets, using wax candles in glass lamps. It was followed by Lille in the same year and Amsterdam in 1669, where a much more efficient oil-powered lamp was developed.
London didn’t join their ranks until 1684 but by the end of the century, more than 50 of Europe’s major towns and cities were lit at night.
Night became fashionable and spending hours lying in bed was considered a waste of time.
“People were becoming increasingly time-conscious and sensitive to efficiency, certainly before the 19th Century,” says Roger Ekirch.
“But the industrial revolution intensified that attitude by leaps and bounds.”
Strong evidence of this shifting attitude is contained in a medical journal from 1829 which urged parents to force their children out of a pattern of first and second sleep.
“If no disease or accident there intervene, they will need no further repose than that obtained in their first sleep, which custom will have caused to terminate by itself just at the usual hour.
“And then, if they turn upon their ear to take a second nap, they will be taught to look upon it as an intemperance not at all redounding to their credit.”
Today, most people seem to have adapted quite well to the eight-hour sleep, but Roger Ekirch believes many sleeping problems may have roots in the human body’s natural preference for segmented sleep.
This could be the root of a condition called sleep maintenance insomnia, where people wake during the night and have trouble getting back to sleep, Roger Ekirch suggests.
The condition first appears in literature at the end of the 19th Century, at the same time as accounts of segmented sleep disappear.
“For most of evolution we slept a certain way,” says sleep psychologist Gregg Jacobs.
“Waking up during the night is part of normal human physiology.”
The idea that we must sleep in a consolidated block could be damaging, Gregg Jacobs says, if it makes people who wake up at night anxious, as this anxiety can itself prohibit sleeps and is likely to seep into waking life too.
Russell Foster, a professor of circadian [body clock] neuroscience at Oxford, shares this point of view.
“Many people wake up at night and panic,” Russell Foster says.
“I tell them that what they are experiencing is a throwback to the bi-modal sleep pattern.”
But the majority of doctors still fail to acknowledge that a consolidated eight-hour sleep may be unnatural.
“Over 30% of the medical problems that doctors are faced with stem directly or indirectly from sleep. But sleep has been ignored in medical training and there are very few centres where sleep is studied,” Russell Foster says.
Gregg Jacobs suggests that the waking period between sleeps, when people were forced into periods of rest and relaxation, could have played an important part in the human capacity to regulate stress naturally.
In many historic accounts, Roger Ekirch found that people used the time to meditate on their dreams.
“Today we spend less time doing those things,” says Dr. Gregg Jacobs.
“It’s not a coincidence that, in modern life, the number of people who report anxiety, stress, depression, alcoholism and drug abuse has gone up.”
Stages of sleep
Every 60-100 minutes we go through a cycle of four stages of sleep
• Stage 1 is a drowsy, relaxed state between being awake and sleeping – breathing slows, muscles relax, heart rate drops
• Stage 2 is slightly deeper sleep – you may feel awake and this means that, on many nights, you may be asleep and not know it
• Stage 3 and Stage 4, or Deep Sleep – it is very hard to wake up from Deep Sleep because this is when there is the lowest amount of activity in your body
• After Deep Sleep, we go back to Stage 2 for a few minutes, and then enter Dream Sleep – also called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep – which, as its name suggests, is when you dream
In a full sleep cycle, a person goes through all the stages of sleep from one to four, then back down through stages three and two, before entering dream sleep
Elizabeth Smart and her new husband Matthew Gilmour incorporated their respective family traditions into their tradition-filled Hawaiian ceremony on Saturday.
Elizabeth Smart, 24, who made headlines when she was found 9 months after being kidnapped at knife-point when she was a young teen, looked stunning in a lace boat-necked dress with a full, drop-waist skirt.
The groom, Matthew Gilmour, 22, showed off his Scottish heritage with pride as he wore his dead father’s kilt and a boutonnière with blue thistle that had been flown in for the occasion.
Their Hawaiian wedding may not seem fitting for the ever-traditional couple, but the location has a real resonance with the bride: it is the place where Elizabeth Smart and her family visited in 2003 shortly after they reunited following her harrowing kidnapping.
“I guess you could say it was kind of a refuge,” Elizabeth Smart told People magazine.
“Oahu is a very special place for me, very different than what I was used to.”
Elizabeth Smart and Matthew Gilmour, who met while on their missionary year in France, married at an 11:30 a.m. ceremony in the LDS Laie Hawaii Temple which was only attended by very close family and friends.
In accordance with the religion’s teachings, the actual ceremony itself can only be attended by fellow Mormons who have been given a “temple recommend” sign-off, which essentially says that they are viewed in good standing with the church.
Traditionally, Mormon brides are allowed to wear their wedding dress in the temple for the ceremony, though without anything covering their face or head which meant that Elizabeth Smart would have had to take off her beautiful, flowing lace veil.
After the ceremony, which took approximately 30-minutes, the celebration continued as the group- which only included 12 guests- went to the Turtle Bay Resort for the wedding luncheon.
The elegant lunch highlighted the cuisine of the region, as the group of immediate family and a select few close friends dined on island fish in mango-papaya salsa, Huli Huli chicken, teriyaki steak and roasted Molokai sweet potatoes.
Elizabeth Smart and her new husband Matthew Gilmour incorporated their respective family traditions into their tradition-filled Hawaiian ceremony on Saturday
Matthew Gilmour and Elizabeth Smart then took a boat ride amid the beautiful Hawaiian surroundings as men in native garb rowed and played the uekelele.
That evening, the party continued at a luau where guests were treated to a buffet-style dinner of Lomi Lomi salmon and Kalua pig as well as some instructional hula dancing.
While the Hawaiian culture was seen throughout the day, Scottish customs were scattered throughout.
One such instance was the toast that Matthew Gilmour gave at the luau, where he began with the traditional “On behalf of my wife and I” introduction, which was met by a roar of cheers and clapping by the group.
Throughout the day, Elizabeth Smart and Matthew Gilmour continued wearing their wedding outfits.
Elizabeth Smart finally found her perfect dress- after trying “just about every dress in Utah”- off the rack at Kleinfelds bridal salon in New York.
She certainly isn’t the first would-be bride to have luck there: the store is the hub of activity on the TLC reality show Say Yes To The Dress.
In order to look appropriate on her wedding day, Elizabeth Smart had the dress tulle dress retrofitted with lace sleeves and a demure neckline of scalloped lace.
Matthew Gilmour represented his Scottish ancestry – and his father, who died in 2008 after a battle with cancer – by wearing his dad’s kilt.
“I wasn’t surprised Elizabeth was ready before Matthew because there is a lot to putting on a kilt,” his uncle Neville Henderson said.
The groom’s mother Kay Gilmour made sure to let the other men get in on the action, as she brought ties for Neville Henderson and Elizabeth’s father that matched the same tartan as his kilt.
Though their wedding was clearly a start of their new life together, the couple has visited each other’s hometowns and plan to settle in Salt Lake City where Matthew Gilmour will attend university.
After their missionary year, the then-friends realized that they were bound for more and began dating.
The sparks really flew when Elizabeth Smart visited him in Scotland and they visited historic castles, getting a true sense of his heritage.
Matthew Gilmour followed suit by flying to Salt Lake City to spend time with her. While there, he asked for her father’s permission to propose, picked out the unique sapphire ring, and asked her the big question while they were out walking near her house.
“The thing that attracted me the most-at the beginning and now- is how confident she is, especially considering everything she has been through,” Matthew Gilmour told People.
The wasted no time planning after they were engaged, and while they originally wanted to get married in the summer in Salt Lake City, they switched to the Hawaiian option due to the massive amount of unexpected media attention.
Instead, they rushed to get everything together in less than a month after he proposed.
“Elizabeth’s desire was for what most women want – to celebrate her nuptials in a private wedding with family and close friends,” said family spokesman Chris Thomas.
“After the story broke about her engagement and the media became increasingly invasive, Elizabeth recognized it was going to be impossible to have a traditional wedding devoid of distractions and unusual challenges outside of her control.
“She decided…the best way to avoid significant distraction was to change her wedding plans and to get married in an unscheduled ceremony outside of Utah.”
Though she has become an occasional ABC News contributor, Elizabeth Smart has been wary of unwanted media attention since she first made headlines in 2002 when itinerant street preacher Brian David Mitchell broke into the Smart home and kidnapped her.
Brian David Mitchell and his wife Wanda Barzee held her for nine months, during which she was continuously raped and was even married to Mitchell in a bizarre ceremony.
In December, Elizabeth Smart spoke out about the ordeal, saying: “He went straight from marrying me to raping me. And after that moment I couldn’t feel more worthless and more degraded. It was the worse feeling I could have ever felt.”
Brian David Mitchell was convicted of kidnapping and sexual assault and was sentenced to serve life in prison in May 2011.
Wanda Barzee was sentenced to 15 years in a Texas federal prison hospital for her role in the kidnapping of the girl.
Now, after testifying at their respective trials and even forgiving Brian David Mitchell of the atrocities he committed against her, Elizabeth Smart is determined to move on with her new life, accompanied by her husband throughout.
Elizabeth Smart and Matthew Gilmour were spotted on the Monday after their wedding, buying groceries at a local store while they enjoy their honeymoon at the same hotel that hosted their reception.
The National Enquirer quotes an insider as saying that the couple hopes to start a family immediately and aim to have their first baby by their one-year anniversary.
Kiss rocker Gene Simmons looked strangely taut as he jogged in Studio City yesterday with his family.
Gene Simmons’ trademark raven mane flapped as he propelled himself along the sidewalk but his face stayed still.
The 62-year-old rocker freely admitted that he wanted to get rid of his jowls.
Gene Simmons had a his “n” hers joint facelift with his wife Shannon Tweed, 54 , in 2007.
“I’d thought about it before,” Gene Simmons told People magazine at the time.
“I was aware I had jowls.”
“Like Jabba the Hutt!” teased Shannon Tweed at the time, she was Playboy’s 1982 Playmate of the Year.
“I didn’t want him to look younger than me,” Shannon Tweed added.
Kiss rocker Gene Simmons looked strangely taut as he jogged in Studio City yesterday with his family
Gene Simmons and Shannon Tweed wed just a few months ago after 28 years together, with their children they star in A&E reality program, Gene Simmons Family Jewels.
The couple likes to spice things up in the bedroom.
After getting hitched last October following 28 years of unwedded bliss, Simmons told Hollyscoop: “Romance is interesting, but somebody much more prolific than I am put it better – she should be a Madonna in the kitchen and a w***e in the bedroom.”
But unlike many women her age, Shannon Tweed didn’t seem to mind the label her husband had publicly given to her.
Seemingly in agreement she added: “[You have to] keep having sex in different ways. Try to think of something new.”
Gene Simmons and Shannon Tweed have two grown children, Nicolas, 22 and Sophie Alexandra, 19.
Shannon Tweed, who appears alongside them on reality show, Gene Simmons Family Jewels, insists they know exactly what to do when the couple feels like being naughty.
Shannon Tweed continued: “Thank God the children are grown up. As soon as they hear noise from upstairs, they leave the house. That’s good.”
Argentine officials confirms 49 people have been killed and at least 600 injured in the worst train crash in the country in the last 40 years.
The train hit the end of the platform at Once station in the capital Buenos Aires during the morning rush hour.
“We assume that there was some fault in the brakes,” Transportation Secretary JP Schiavi said.
Dozens of people were trapped for hours in the wreckage but all have now been successfully taken to safety.
“The train was full and the impact was tremendous,” a passenger identified as Ezequiel told local television.
Medics at the scene were overwhelmed by the casualties, he added.
“People started to break windows and get out however they could,” another eyewitness told Reuters.
“Then I saw the engine destroyed and the train driver trapped amongst the steel. There were a lot of people hurt, a lot of kids, elderly,” the eyewitness added.
Police outside Once station had to “keep back the curious and concerned as paramedics treated the injured”, eyewitness Tom said.
Argentine officials confirms 49 people have been killed and at least 600 injured in the worst train crash in the country in the last 40 years
The train had hit the barrier at about 12mph (20km/h), destroying the front of the engine and crunching the carriages behind it, JP Schiavi said.
One of the carriages was driven nearly 6m (20 ft) into the next, he added.
Survivors told local media that many people had been injured in a jumble of metal and glass.
Emergency medical system director Alberto Crescenti said that some passengers who survived had to have limbs amputated. Many suffered from arrested breathing and trauma to the thorax region.
Many are in a critical condition in the city’s hospitals and there are concerns that the death toll could rise.
Five similar accidents have occurred in and around the city in recent months.
Many parts of Argentina’s rail network are antiquated and in need of repair and this incident will increase concern about lack of investment in the system.
“This is the responsibility of a company that is known for insufficient maintenance and… improvisation,” Edgardo Reinoso of the train workers’ union told Reuters.
“Lack of controls” on the part of state agencies was also to blame, Edgardo Reinoso added.
In September 2011, 11 people died when a commuter train in Buenos Aires hit a bus crossing the tracks and then hit a second train coming into a station.
This latest accident is Argentina’s worst train crash since February 1970, when a train smashed into another at full speed in suburban Buenos Aires, killing 200 people.
Jeb Corliss, the world famous stunt artist who almost died after crashing into a cliff during a botched leap from Table Mountain in South Africa, today posted incredible footage of the accident on his website.
Jeb Corliss, a 35-year-old Californian daredevil, broke both of his legs and was airlifted to hospital following the horrific smash last month in Cape Town.
The base jumper was being filmed for a television documentary when he careered into a rock face after leaping from the famous landmark wearing only a winged flying suit.
Jeb Corliss, who has spent more than five weeks in hospital since the January 16 accident, today posted a chilling video of the smash on the internet.
The incredible video lasts almost three minutes and is entitled Table Mountain Crash All Angles.
The video starts with a black screen containing a warning message: “May be disturbing for some viewers”, before showing Jeb Corliss fearlessly starting his stunt.
It shows the daredevil leaping from the flat surface of the mountain and soaring towards the sea.
Seconds later the accident can be clearly seen as Jeb Corliss’ legs smash into a rock face, sending him spiraling towards the ground.
The horrifying moment of impact is repeated several times from multiple angles during the video, which is played out over upbeat rock music.
Later scenes show Jeb Corliss deploying his emergency parachute as he realises something has gone wrong.
Jeb Corliss, who was wearing a camera mounted on his helmet during the stunt, then appears to bounce along the ground before coming to a halt in a bush.
A series of still images then show the moment of his impact in detail. They reveal how the experienced base jumper appeared to misjudge the distance to the rock face, which was marked by a helium balloon tied to a rucksack.
Instead of soaring over the cliff, he collides with the rocky outcrop from just below the waist.
Jeb Corliss almost died after crashing into a cliff during a botched leap from Table Mountain in South Africa
Following the accident Table Mountain officials said it was a miracle that Jeb Corliss had survived after he fell around 200 feet from the 3,500 foot-high landmark.
The stunt man, who has made a name for himself as one of the world’s most daring base jumpers, was airlifted to hospital and needed surgery on both of his legs.
Michelle Norris, spokeswoman for the Christiaan Barnaard Hospital in Cape Town, today said he remained there under observation and was due to be discharged on Friday.
The spokeswoman said: “Mr. Corliss needed extensive surgery on his legs and also needed skin grafts to repair the damage. He suffered serious and injuries and remains in the hospital, although he has been making good progress in recovery.
“One of the reasons he is still with us is that we needed to check how the wounds would heal from the skin grafts, but we hope to be able to discharge him on Friday. After that he plans to return home immediately to America to be with his family.”
Jeb Corliss’ video record of the incident concludes by offering thanks to those who helped rescue him following the smash.
A screen entitled “Special Thanks”, reads: “To the hikers that gave me water, to the rescue team that gave me life, to the hospital and staff that put me back together, THANK YOU.”
Jeb Corliss’ botched Table Mountain leap came as he made a documentary for an American television network. The daredevil has previously made headlines with a string of other base jumps.
The extreme sport involves leaping from buildings or mountains with only a parachute or winged jumpsuit to aid the jumper’s landing. Jeb Corliss has previously made successful leaps from the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro.