Fourteen carriages of the Indore-Patna Express derailed just after 03:00 local time on November 20, near the city of Kanpur.
Rescuers are still trying to reach the injured and recover the dead from the twisted carriages.
The cause of the crash near the village of Pukhrayan is not yet known.
The Times of India quoted sources as saying a fracture in the track could have been to blame.
The death toll has been rising steadily all day and is expected to increase further.
Most of the victims were located in two carriages near the engine which overturned and were badly damaged.
By late afternoon, rescue workers were still using heavy machinery to try to reach survivors.
Senior railway official Pratap Rai told Reuters: “We are using every tactic to save lives but it’s very difficult to cut the metal carriages.”
Indian PM Narendra Modi tweeted: “Anguished beyond words on the loss of lives due to the derailing of the Patna-Indore express. My thoughts are with the bereaved families.
“Prayers with those injured in the tragic train accident.”
The prime minister said he had spoken to Railways Minister Suresh Prabhu, who was “personally monitoring the situation closely”.
Home Minister Rajnath Singh said that India’s National Disaster Response Force was overseeing the rescue efforts.
Kanpur is a major railway junction and hundreds of trains pass through it every day.
Train accidents are fairly common in India, where much of the railway equipment is out of date. An accident in Uttar Pradesh in March 2015 killed 39 people and injured 150.
In 2015, the government announced investments of $137 billion over five years to modernize and expand the railways.
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