Maria de Viollota suffered serious head and facial injuries in an accident in July 2012 when testing for the Marussia team in Cambridgeshire.
However, the 33-year-old was cleared to drive again in February.
Maria de Villota, daughter of former Spanish F1 driver Emilio de Villota, had previously raced in Spanish Formula 3 and the Daytona 24 Hours.
F1 teams and drivers have expressed their shock at the news.
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