Experts believe a lack of clinical trials aimed at younger breast cancer patients could be partly to blame for longer-term survival problems.
The study, funded by Cancer Research UK and the Wessex Cancer Trust, analyzed nearly 3,000 women under 40 in the UK with diagnosed breast cancer.
It found a rapid rise in relapse after five years in younger patients with a certain type of the cancer.
This contrasts with what normally happens with the disease.
Experts believe a lack of clinical trials aimed at younger breast cancer patients could be partly to blame for longer-term survival problems
The data, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, showed that survival five years after diagnosis was 85%. By the eight-year mark it was 68%.
Breast cancer is mostly diagnosed in post-menopausal women, although those with a diagnosis under 40 represent fewer than 5% of all breast cancers treated in the UK.
The study looked at cases involving oestrogen-receptor-positive disease, whose cancers are fuelled by the female hormone oestrogen.
This form of the disease is usually treated by chemotherapy followed by the drug tamoxifen for five years to block oestrogen receptors.
Researchers suggested that taking tamoxifen for a longer period may help, but they said the underlying problem was that trials needed to involve more younger patients.
Chief investigator Prof. Dianna Eccles said: “This study adds to the evidence that breast cancer can behave very differently when diagnosed in younger women.
“They may require a different approach to treatment, which isn’t necessarily understood from cancer trials in older patients.”
Doctors have discovered why wounds such as ulcers take longer to heal in older people – and they believe a cream containing the female hormone oestrogen could be the answer.
Diabetics, the elderly and people with nerve damage or circulatory problems are particularly at risk.
Not only are these wounds painful and debilitating – taking months to heal or, in some cases, never healing – they also leave people exposed to potentially life-threatening infections because there is no barrier preventing bacteria entering the body.
Furthermore, research shows that patients who develop a non-healing wound end up staying in hospital three times longer than they should.
Until now, it has been poorly understood why some wounds take a long time to heal.
It’s thought it is because cells are not co-ordinating properly to allow tissue to heal, although the precise mechanism is not known.
This means current treatments – including dressings and even the use of maggots to clean wounds – are largely ineffective.
For some, the only solution is amputation.
Now British researchers at the University of Manchester have discovered that the female hormone oestrogen – which is naturally present in both men and women – plays a key role in wound healing.
Oestrogen levels decline in both men and women as they get older as part of the natural ageing process: in women after the menopause while men experience a gradual fall from their 20s.
Falling oestrogen levels are known to age the skin, reducing elasticity and altering the body’s response to inflammation.
Laboratory tests have now shown that oestrogen has an effect on a range of different cells within a wound.
The research involved taking tissue samples from young and older men and looking for differences in the genes involved in the body’s healing process.
Scientists found the main variations were in genes affected by oestrogen.
The differences in the genes were “very strong” between the young and older men, explains Dr. Matthew Hardman, a senior research fellow from the University of Manchester’s Healing Foundation Centre who made the breakthrough.
In other words, the natural fall in oestrogen levels that occurs with age is the reason wounds don’t heal as well in older people. This led to the conclusion that if older people could be given oestrogen, their bodies would heal better.
Dr. Matthew Hardman says: “We knew that oestrogen was important in healing, but we didn’t realize it played such a pivotal role.
“Our discovery could lead to a new treatment for people with non-healing wounds.
“This could make a huge difference to their lives, as these wounds are not only painful but cause immobility and social isolation.”
However, it is not possible to simply give patients oestrogen because of its side-effects, including an increased risk of cancer, he adds.
“So we have been developing and testing treatment options using compounds similar to oestrogen but without the side-effects that come with it.”
Breast cancer drug Tamoxifen, which is similar in structure to oestrogen, has been identified as a possible treatment for non-healing wounds by the researchers.
After successfully turning the drug into a cream that can be applied to an open wound, they are about to test it on 30 volunteers over the age of 65.
They will receive two small skin cuts, one treated with the Tamoxifen cream and the other with a placebo.
If the trial is successful, the cream will then be tested on a larger group of patients with chronic wounds and could be widely available in five years’ time, says Dr. Matthew Hardman.
Meanwhile, researchers have been testing the benefits of algae for slowing down the effects of ageing.
A study published in the journal Actia Biochmica Polonica shows that an antioxidant harvested from sea algae may improve skin elasticity and moisture content.
In one trial, conducted in Japan, 30 women with dry skin were given a 6mg daily oral supplement and a rub-on solution.
After eight weeks there were significant improvements in moisture content of the outer skin layer.
In another trial with 36 men, moisture content and sebum oil level in the cheeks improved after six weeks.
It’s thought the benefits may be due to the antioxidant astaxanthin, also found in fish and seafood (it provides the red color of salmon).
This may help protect the outer layers of the skin against free radical cell damage.
