An environment protection group says that the majority of Madagascar’s palms face extinction due to land clearing.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) said 83% of the 192 tree varieties had been added to its threatened species list.
The group called the figures “terrifying”, saying the tree loss also endangered animals and put people’s livelihoods at risk.
The findings bring the global number of species at risk of dying out to 20,219.
The IUCN’s global director for biodiversity conservation, Jane Smart, said the latest study showed the situation could no longer be ignored.
“The figures on Madagascar’s palms are truly terrifying, especially as the loss of palms impacts both the unique biodiversity of the island and its people,” she said.
Madagascar is the world’s fourth biggest island after Greenland, New Guinea and Borneo.
Because of its isolation most of its mammals, half its birds, and most of its plants exist nowhere else on Earth.
Palm trees represent an integral part of the island’s biodiversity, with many of its poorest communities relying on the trees to provide housing and food.
The raw materials are used to build houses, utensils and crafts, as well as to produce food, drinks and medicine.
But forests have been rapidly shrinking as land is being cleared for agriculture and logging.
Excessive palm heart harvesting has also put the trees at risk.
“The majority of Madagascar’s palms grow in the island’s eastern rain forests, which have already been reduced to less than one quarter of their original size and which continue to disappear,” the IUCN’s Dr. William Baker said.
Animals like the lemur have fallen victim to the domino effect of deforestation, which destroys essential habitat.
“The high extinction risk faced by Madagascar’s palms reflects the decline in these forests, which threatens all of the remarkable wildlife that occurs there,” Dr. William Baker said.
The worldwide number of animals and plants on the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species is now 65,518.
Scientists drilling deep into the edge of modern Antarctica have pulled up proof that palm trees once grew there.
Analyses of pollen and spores and the remains of tiny creatures have given a climatic picture of the early Eocene period, about 53 million years ago.
The study, published in Nature, suggests Antarctic winter temperatures exceeded 10C, while summers may have reached 25C.
Better knowledge of past “greenhouse” conditions will enhance guesses about the effects of increasing CO2 today.
The early Eocene – often referred to as the Eocene greenhouse – has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years as a “warm analogue” of the current Earth.
“There are two ways of looking at where we’re going in the future,” said a co-author of the study, James Bendle of the University of Glasgow.
“One is using physics-based climate models; but increasingly we’re using this <<back to the future>> approach where we look through periods in the geological past that are similar to where we may be going in 10 years, or 20, or several hundred,” James Bendle said.
The early Eocene was a period of atmospheric CO2 concentrations higher than the current 390 parts per million (ppm ) – reaching at least 600 ppm and possibly far higher.
Global temperatures were on the order of 5C higher, and there was no sharp divide in temperature between the poles and the equator.
Scientists drilling deep into the edge of modern Antarctica have pulled up proof that palm trees once grew there
Drilling research carried out in recent years showed that the Arctic must have had a subtropical climate.
But the Antarctic presents a difficult challenge. Glaciation 34 million years ago wiped out much of the sediment that would give clues to past climate, and left kilometres of ice on top of what remains.
Now, the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) has literally got to the bottom of what the Eocene Antarctic was like, dropping a drilling rig through 4 km of water off Wilkes Land on Antarctica’s eastern coast.
The rig then drilled through 1 km of sediment to return samples from the Eocene. With the sediment came pollen grains from palm trees and relatives of the modern baobab and macadamia.
Crucially, they contained also the remnants of tiny single-celled organisms called Archaea.
The creatures’ cell walls show subtle molecular changes that depend on the temperature of the soil surrounding them when they were alive. The structures are faithfully preserved after they die.
They are, in essence, tiny buried thermometers from 53 million years ago
Together, the data suggest that even in the darkest period of Antarctic winter, the temperature did not drop below 10C; and summer daytime temperatures were in the 20Cs.
The lowland coastal region sported palm trees, while slightly inland, hills were populated with beech trees and conifers.
Dr. James Bendle said that as an analogue of modern Earth, the Eocene represents heightened levels of CO2 that will not be reached any time soon, and may not be reached at all if CO2 emissions abate.
However, he said the results from the Eocene could help to shore up the computer models that are being used to estimate how sensitive climate is to the emissions that will certainly rise in the nearer term.
“It’s a clearer picture we get of warm analogues through geological time,” he said.
“The more we get that information, the more it seems that the models we’re using now are not overestimating the [climatic] change over the next few centuries, and they may be underestimating it. That’s the essential message.”
