The Athens Stock Exchange index, the Athex, has fallen by 22.87% as trading resumes after a five-week closure.

Greece’s top four lenders – Piraeus Bank, National Bank, Alpha Bank, and Eurobank – were biggest fallers, all down by 30%, the maximum allowed. Banks make up about a fifth of the index.

The bourse was shut just before the Greek government imposed capital controls at the height of the debt crisis.

Traders had predicted sharp losses as a result of pent-up trading.

The Athex recovered slightly in morning trading, but was still down more than 18% in midday trading.

In accordance with conditions laid down by the government and the European Central Bank (ECB), local investors are not allowed to buy shares with money from their bank accounts, only with cash kept in safe deposit boxes or at home.

Meanwhile, data released on August 3 showed that Greek manufacturing activity plunged in July to its lowest level on record as a three-week bank shutdown caused new orders to dive and created serious supply problems.

Markit’s purchasing managers’ index (PMI) for manufacturing, which accounts for about a tenth of the economy, fell to 30.2 points, the lowest reading since records began in 1999. A measure of 50 denotes growth.

Not long after the market reopened, the Athex had plunged to 615.16 points, down by 182.36 points from the June 26 close.

By comparison with other global markets, the biggest one-day fall in the value of the US Dow Jones was 22.61%, seen on October 19, 1987, known as “Black Monday”.

Constantine Botopoulos, head of the Greek capital markets commission, told Skai radio: “Naturally, pressure is expected, markets will not fail to comment on such an extensive shutdown.”

He added: “But we must not get carried away. We must wait until the end of the week to see how the reopening will begin to be dealt with more coolly.”

Although Greece struck a bailout deal with its creditors last month, political in-fighting in Athens over the conditions could still result in PM Alexis Tsipras calling an early election.

The Greek economy has begun to reverse the gains it was making before Alexis Tsipras’s Syriza-led coalition took power in January on an anti-austerity platform.

The European Commission expects Greece to go back into recession this year, with the economy contracting by between 2% and 4%.

The Greek economy was in recession for six years until 2014.