Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are expected to reveal the strongest evidence yet for the Higgs particle in Geneva, Switzerland, shortly.
Anticipation is high and rumors have been rife about the announcement.
The Higgs boson would help explain why particles have mass, and fills a glaring hole in the current best theory to describe how the Universe works.
The strength of the LHC’s signal is understood to be just short of the benchmark for claiming a “discovery”.
But it will show that researchers are now tantalisingly close to confirming the Higgs’ existence and bringing to an end the decades-long quest for the most coveted prize in physics.
The $10 billion LHC is the most powerful particle accelerator ever built: it smashes two beams of protons together at close to the speed of light with the aim of revealing new phenomena in the wreckage of the collisions.
But why has so much time and effort been invested in detecting the boson?
Mass is a measure of how much stuff an object – such as a particle or molecule – contains. If it were not for mass, all of the fundamental particles that make up atoms would whiz around at light-speed and the Universe as we know it would never have clumped into matter.
According to the theory, all of space is filled by a field – known as the Higgs field, which is mediated by particles known as Higgs bosons.
Other particles gain mass when they interact with the field, much as a person feels resistance from the water – drag – as they wade through a swimming pool.
The boson is the last missing particle in the Standard Model, the most widely accepted theory of how the cosmos works. But the Higgs remains a theoretical construct that has never been observed in a particle accelerator.
Four of the six theoretical physicists credited with coming up with the Higgs mechanism in the 1960s – including Prof Peter Higgs, after whom it is named – have been invited to CERN in Geneva for the presentations, fuelling anticipation of a major announcement.
Unconfirmed reports suggest that the signal detected at a mass of 125 gigaelectronvolts (GeV), which was announced in December, has since strengthened.
“We now have more than double the data we had last year,” said CERN’s director for research and computing, Sergio Bertolucci.
“That should be enough to see whether the trends we were seeing in the 2011 data are still there, or whether they’ve gone away. It’s a very exciting time.”
Discovering particles is a numbers game, and scientists analyze many events that could be representative of a Higgs boson being produced in the LHC.
The hints of the Higgs revealed in 2011 had a statistical certainty of just two sigma.
Three sigma represents about one in 700 likelihood that a “bump” in the data is down to some statistical fluctuation, in the absence of a Higgs. But the benchmark for a discovery is five sigma, denoting a one-in-3.5 million likelihood that a result is down to such a fluctuation.
Rumors suggest the certainty level has now crept beyond four sigma. This might not be enough to announce that scientists have found the elusive particle. But it would suggest the LHC’s scientists are within touching distance, and several physicists privately say that such a signal is now unlikely to go away.
Also, the idea that some systemic error could affect all the experiments that see hints of the Higgs – including those at the LHC and the US Tevatron machine (which search for the particle in different ways) – seems just as improbable.
But if and when a new particle is discovered, it will not be clear straight away that it is the Higgs. Physicists will need to characterize its properties in order to confirm whether it is the version of the Higgs predicted by the Standard Model, a “non-conformist” Higgs that hints at new laws of physics, or something else entirely.
This will involve years of detailed and difficult work, said Dr. Tony Weidberg, a University of Oxford physicist and member of one of the LHC’s experimental teams, Atlas.
He said that even at a certainty level of five sigma, “you’re very far from proving it’s a Higgs particle at all, let alone a Standard Model Higgs”.
