The unprecedented move followed a recommendation from Pope Francis’ newly-created panel on clerical abuse.
Victims’ groups have long called for the Vatican to do more to make bishops accountable for abuse on their watch.
In 2014, the UN strongly criticized the Vatican for failing to stamp out child abuse and for allowing cover-ups.
A statement from the Vatican said the department would come under the auspices of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
The tribunal’s aim would be “to judge bishops with regard to crimes of the abuse of office when connected to the abuse of minors”, the statement added.
The Vatican panel which recommended the step was created to help dioceses improve abuse prevention measures and help victims.
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